Health passes are being increasingly adopted by European countries to permit entry to certain public places to those who have been vaccinated, recovered from Covid-19, or tested negative.
 
Here's a look at how Switzerland is doing it, and how that compares with other countries.

Switzerland also has a Covid-19 health pass, known domestically as a Covid-19 immunity certificate.
 
However, this is only needed at large events (more than 1,000 people), nightclubs, or discos as of July 2021.
 
Some bars and restaurants can choose to ask for the Covid certificate, upon which they are allowed to dispense with other rules such as mask rules and social distancing requirements.
 
Stricter rules are being considered, i.e. needing to show the pass at restaurants, however this will only take place if vaccinations do not hit their forecast targets.
 
In mid-July, Switzerland became a part of the EU's Covid-19 pass framework, meaning that you can show your EU country pass in order to enter Switzerland.
 
Switzerland as yet does not accept Covid passes from outside the EU, but this has been flagged as a possibility in future.
 
If you arrive in Switzerland, you can show the evidence of your vaccination to the authorities in your Swiss canton and you will be issued a Covid certificate.
 
Unfortunately, this only includes Swiss-approved Covid vaccines.
 
According to the Swiss government, this is only Pfizer/Biontech, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson, i.e. AstraZeneca is not accepted.

Austria was one of the first European countries to introduce a Covid-19 health pass system, having done so on 19 May 2021 as the 3G Rule.
 
The 3G Rule refers to "Getestet, Geimpft, Genesen" (Tested, Vaccinated, Recovered) and describes the three ways someone can provide evidence they are immune to the virus.
 
As a result, the framework is relatively well established in Austria.
 
Austria's Covid-19 health pass, known as the "green pass", is needed to access bars, restaurants, hotels, hairdressers, gyms, events, and a range of other venues.
 
For entering nightclubs, you need to be either vaccinated or have received a negative PCR test in the past 72 hours.
 
This information will also be included in your green pass.
 
As of 1 Jul 2021 masks are not required anywhere that the green pass is required.
 
In effect, this means masks are required in public transport, supermarkets, and museums.
 
Austria is a part of the European Covid-19 pass network since 1 Jul 2021.
 
This means that if you are visiting Austria and you have the pass from your EU country, you can use it in Austria.
 
Unfortunately, people with Covid-19 passes from outside the EU cannot yet use it in Austria, however they can use paper documentation.
 
Also, as an Austrian phone number is needed to get the green pass (other than in Vienna), foreigners with documentation of a vaccination, recovery, or a test cannot download it and use it when they are in Austria.

In France the health passport is already in use for venues including cinemas, tourist sites, nightclubs and from the beginning of August will be extended to bars, restaurants, cafes, some shopping malls, and long distance train or bus services.
 
The health passport can show proof of either, fully vaccinated status, recent recovery from Covid, or a negative Covid test taken within the previous 48 hours.
 
It is required for everyone at the listed venues, visitors and staff, but staff have until 30 Aug 2021 to get vaccinated.
 
The passport is required for all over 12-years-old, but children aged between 12 and 17 do not have to start showing their passports until 30 Aug 2021.
 
There is no fine for members of the public who do not have a health passport, but you can expect to be barred from any of the listed venues if you cannot show your passport to staff.
 
Venues found not enforcing the health passport face being closed down.
 
The passport can be shown either on the French TousAntiCovid app or on paper.
 
The app is compatible with vaccine certificates issued in EU or Schengen zone countries, and the NHS app is also compatible.
 
The situation for those vaccinated in the USA is a little more complicated, but they should be able to swap their US certificate for a French one that is compatible with the app.
 
France has some of the strictest Covid passport rules in Europe.

Italy's green pass, "certificazione verde", will soon be required to access more leisure and cultural venues, including indoor restaurants, gyms, swimming pools, museums, cinemas, theatres, sports stadiums, and other public venues.
 
Although it's been in use since June, the Italian government announced on 22 Jul 2021 that it would be extending its health pass scheme after 6 Aug 2021.
 
From next month, people in Italy wanting to access most venues in Italy will need to show proof of being vaccinated, including those who have only had the first of two doses, having tested negative for coronavirus within the previous 48 hours, or having recovered from Covid-19 within the last six months.
 
At the moment Italy's digital health certificate is available to people over 12-years-old who were vaccinated, tested, or recovered in Italy.
 
The Italian version of the green pass is only for people who were vaccinated, recovered or tested in Italy.
 
If you're from outside the EU, the rules are complicated, or still being negotiated.
 
At the border, Italy accepts vaccination certificates, tests results, and medical certificates of recovery from the United States, Canada, or Japan.
 
However, there is currently no news on how travellers can access the green pass once they're in Italy.
 
As for the United Kingdom, Italy does not currently have an agreement to recognize vaccinations performed in England, Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland.

Germany introduced EU-wide digital vaccine pass certificates earlier this summer and these can be used for travel, or as proof for access to activities that require being fully vaccinated, recovered from Covid-19, or testing negatively, such as going to the gym or dining indoors (in some regions).
 
Although authorities have stressed that the pass with a QR code does make travel into the country and around the EU easier, it is not compulsory.
 
For events where some kind of immunity or proof of not having Covid is required, people can also show a paper copy of their vaccine certificate, recovery, or test.
 
Germany has not indicated that it will make the EU pass mandatory for access to certain activities, which is the case in some other European countries.
 
But the country is considering more freedoms for vaccinated people compared to those who are unvaccinated in future.
 
To access the German version of the EU digital pass, people have to be fully vaccinated and can get it from most pharmacies, a doctor, or the vaccination centre they got their jabs.
 
People can also get it if they've recovered from Covid recently and therefore received one shot.
 
People can use the paper certificate with a QR code on it, or scan it into an app.

Covid health passes haven't been imposed at a national level by the Spanish government, but two regions, Galicia and the Canary Islands, have opted to require proof of vaccination, testing, or recovery for people to go inside bars, cafes, and restaurants.
 
In both regions the scheme is only being applied in municipalities with particularly high infection rates, and although it seemed that it would initially only apply to the interior of hospitality establishments, the Canary government has extended the requirement to gyms and cultural events held indoors.
 
Other regional governments in Spain such as Valencia's have shown interest in implementing a health pass requirement, but this has been met with opposition from the hospitality industry for the economic losses and holdups all the checking could potentially cause.
 
The EU-approved Digital Covid Certificate issued mainly for the purpose of travel by Spain's regions is the preferred means of proving Covid health status, although in practice bar and restaurant owners can accept other proof, paper or digital.
 
Neither the Galician nor the Canary government have announced what foreign tourists should show to access the interior of bars and restaurants in their territories.
 
Spain's Digital Covid Certificate is only available to residents in the country but as the system is standardized across the EU, European tourists will likely be able to use their country's Covid Certificates with a scanable QR Code to go inside hospitality establishments (not needed for terraces).

Sweden is part of the EU-wide vaccine pass scheme which means the Covid-19 pass can be used as an alternative to showing a negative test result in order to enter the country.
 
But aside from travel into the country, the pass is not used at all for access to things like events, museums, restaurants, or bars.
 
The government hasn't ruled it out entirely, but has said the Swedish preference is to open up for everyone at the same time instead.
 
To access the Swedish version of the EU vaccine pass, you need to have either had both doses of your Covid-19 vaccine in Sweden, or at least the second dose, so it is not currently possible for people vaccinated elsewhere to receive it.
 
Another group excluded from the pass is those without a Swedish personnummer, or social security number, although the eHealth Agency has told The Local they are working on making it available to the thousands of people in Sweden who were vaccinated without this number, this is not expected to happen until September at the earliest.

Denmark controls access to certain activities and facilities, from indoor dining to cultural attractions like museums and sports games, using the scanable coronapas application, which tracks vaccination status, recent recoveries, and test results.
 
The system is currently only available to Danish residents enrolled in the public health system, but it's compatible with the vaccine certificates from other EU and Schengen area countries.
 
People from outside the EU or Schengen area who received full courses of Pfizer, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson or AstraZeneca can also use proof of vaccination in place of a coronapas.
 
That documentation needs to meet a handful of requirements to be legally valid, the documentation must be in English or German, and contain your name, date of birth, the vaccine you received, and the dates for your first and second doses.
 
The coronapas scheme is set to twilight on 1 Oct 2021 when Denmark is scheduled to fully reopen.

Norway's domestic Covid pass is used to access large events such as concerts, festivals, and football matches in addition to domestic cruises and tours.
 
To enter venues and events using the pass, you will need a valid certificate.
 
Certificates will be valid if three weeks have passed since your last jab, you are fully vaccinated, have had covid in the past six months, and can prove so via the health pass, or have received a negative test result in the previous 24 hours.
 
The certificate is presented as a QR code and will scan green if valid and red if not.
 
It's worth noting that a valid domestic covid certificate is not valid for travel as part of the EU's health pass travel scheme.
 
Covid certificates in Norway require a national identification number and level four security electronic ID.
 
Unfortunately, this means that it's practically impossible for tourists and non-residents to access the Norwegian certificate and attend events that require a health pass.
 
Furthermore, as the Norwegian certificate's domestic version is different from the version used for travel, it also means that EU health passes can't be used as a substitute for domestic vaccine passports.

In Hungary immunity certificates delivered from the time of the first vaccine shot are required in health establishments and to attend sports and music events, as well as gatherings of more than 500 people.
 
In Luxembourg a pass is asked for in shops.
 
In Azerbaijan a health pass has been mandatory since the beginning of June to enter sports centres or attend weddings.
 
In Portugal such a certificate is required to stay in a hotel or play a sport.
 
It is also required to eat inside restaurants, but only at weekends in the most hard-hit regions.
 
In Ireland the health pass is for the time being only needed for indoor eating and drinking in restaurants and pubs.
 
In Russia the Moscow region in June imposed a health pass for restaurants but this was so unpopular it was scrapped three weeks later.
 
The British government is planning to introduce in September a health pass in England to enter nightclubs and other places admitting large groups of people.
 
Professional football matches could be included, reports say.
 
The UK's other nations, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, set their own health policies.
 
Georgia is also planning a health pass.
 
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